Commonly used commands in Ubuntu Linux

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1. Navigating the File System:

   – `cd`: Change directory.

   – `pwd`: Print working directory.

   – `ls`: List directory contents.

   – `mkdir`: Make a directory.

   – `rmdir`: Remove a directory.

2. File Operations:

   – `cp`: Copy files/directories.

   – `mv`: Move files/directories.

   – `rm`: Remove/delete files or directories.

   – `touch`: Create an empty file.

   – `nano` or `vim` (text editors): Open a text file for editing.

3. Viewing Content:

   – `cat`: Concatenate and display the content of files.

   – `less` or `more`: Display content one screen at a time.

   – `head` and `tail`: Display the beginning or end of a file.

4. File Permissions:

   – `chmod`: Change file permissions.

   – `chown`: Change file owner.

   – `chgrp`: Change file group.

5. User Management:

   – `whoami`: Display the current logged-in user.

   – `passwd`: Change user password.

   – `su`: Switch user.

   – `sudo`: Execute a command with superuser privileges.

6. Package Management:

   – `apt-get`: Package handling utility (install, remove, update packages).

     – `apt-get install package_name`

     – `apt-get remove package_name`

     – `apt-get update`

     – `apt-get upgrade`

7. Process Management:

   – `ps`: Display information about running processes.

   – `kill`: Terminate a process.

   – `top`: Display and update sorted information about processes.

8. Networking:

   – `ifconfig` or `ip`: Display network configuration.

   – `ping`: Check network connectivity.

   – `wget` or `curl`: Download files from the internet.

9. System Information:

   – `uname`: Display system information.

   – `df`: Display disk space usage.

   – `free`: Display amount of free and used memory.

10. Archives:

    – `tar`: Create or extract tar archives.

      – `tar -cvf archive.tar files`: Create a tar archive.

      – `tar -xvf archive.tar`: Extract files from a tar archive.

11. Search and Find:

    – `grep`: Search for a pattern in files.

    – `find`: Search for files and directories.

12. Shell Features:

    – `echo`: Display a message.

    – `export`: Set environment variables.

    – `source` or `.`: Execute commands from a file.

These are just some of the basic commands. Linux has a rich set of commands, and you can always refer to the manual pages using `man` command for more details about each command. For example, `man ls` will give you the manual for the `ls` command.