Commonly used commands in Ubuntu Linux
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1. Navigating the File System:
- `cd`: Change directory.
- `pwd`: Print working directory.
- `ls`: List directory contents.
- `mkdir`: Make a directory.
- `rmdir`: Remove a directory.
2. File Operations:
- `cp`: Copy files/directories.
- `mv`: Move files/directories.
- `rm`: Remove/delete files or directories.
- `touch`: Create an empty file.
- `nano` or `vim` (text editors): Open a text file for editing.
3. Viewing Content:
- `cat`: Concatenate and display the content of files.
- `less` or `more`: Display content one screen at a time.
- `head` and `tail`: Display the beginning or end of a file.
4. File Permissions:
- `chmod`: Change file permissions.
- `chown`: Change file owner.
- `chgrp`: Change file group.
5. User Management:
- `whoami`: Display the current logged-in user.
- `passwd`: Change user password.
- `su`: Switch user.
- `sudo`: Execute a command with superuser privileges.
6. Package Management:
- `apt-get`: Package handling utility (install, remove, update packages).
- `apt-get install package_name`
- `apt-get remove package_name`
- `apt-get update`
- `apt-get upgrade`
7. Process Management:
- `ps`: Display information about running processes.
- `kill`: Terminate a process.
- `top`: Display and update sorted information about processes.
8. Networking:
- `ifconfig` or `ip`: Display network configuration.
- `ping`: Check network connectivity.
- `wget` or `curl`: Download files from the internet.
9. System Information:
- `uname`: Display system information.
- `df`: Display disk space usage.
- `free`: Display amount of free and used memory.
10. Archives:
- `tar`: Create or extract tar archives.
- `tar -cvf archive.tar files`: Create a tar archive.
- `tar -xvf archive.tar`: Extract files from a tar archive.
11. Search and Find:
- `grep`: Search for a pattern in files.
- `find`: Search for files and directories.
12. Shell Features:
- `echo`: Display a message.
- `export`: Set environment variables.
- `source` or `.`: Execute commands from a file.
These are just some of the basic commands. Linux has a rich set of commands, and you can always refer to the manual pages using `man` command for more details about each command. For example, `man ls` will give you the manual for the `ls` command.